X-RAY diffraction and SEM analysis of waste sulfur modification for use in concretes
Abstract
Secondary sulfur obtained as a by-product in the oil refining process is a major problem as an environmental pollutant. One of the possibilities of environmental protection is the use of sulfur obtained in this way as a component of sulfur concrete. Mixing of sulfur with suitable additives can provide longer working lifetime of sulfur concrete, as well as maintenance of the former physical, chemical and mechanical characteristics of concrete. Such mixtures are usually called modified sulfur or sulfur cement. Secondary sulfur produced in the oil refining process by the Klaus process (approval of crude oil) cannot be used in this form. In order to be ready for the use of sulfur concrete and asphalt, it is necessary to modify elemental sulfur from cyclic to chain form, obtaining of modified sulfur whose application is as a binding agent in a concrete instead of portland cement is described in this paper. Influence of dicyclopentadien, an organic additive, on sulfur modification has been studied in this research. Microstructure and mineral analysis of modified and unmodified sulfur cement binding are realized using polarized and scanning electron microscopes and X-ray diffraction spectrometer.
References
MOHAMMED, S. and POORNIMA, V. (2018) Strength and durability study of sulfur concrete with replaced fine aggregate. Materials today, 5 (11/3), pp. 23888-23897
OTAIBI, S. et al. (2019) Potential for producing concrete blocks using sulfur polymeric concrete in Kuwait. Journal of King Saud University - Engineering Sciences, 31(4) pp. 327-333
VLAHOVIĆ, M. M. et al. (2011) Durability of sulfur concrete in various aggressive environments. Construction and Building Materials, 25, pp. 3926-3934
YOON, J. H. (2006) An experimental study on the durability of sulfur concrete. Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Structure & Construction, 22(6), pp. 95-102.
XIAO, J. et al. (2005) Mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concrete under uniaxial loading. Cement & Concrete Composites; 35, pp. 1187-1194
SHEEN, D. H. et al. (2004). Preparation of modified sulfur concrete pipe using centrifugal force. In: Proceeding of 2004 Annual Conference, KSCE pp. 513-520
KIM, J.C. et al. (2010) The fundamental study of modified sulfur concrete. Korean Recycled Construction Resource Institute. 2010; Spring conference session 3-3: pp. 79-82
CHA, S. W. et al. (2011) Manufacture of modified sulfur polymer binder and properties of sulfur concrete. Korea Concrete Institute, 23(6) pp.40-42
VLAHOVIĆ, M. et al. (2013) Quantitative evaluation of sulfur–polymer matrix composite quality Composites Part B. Engineering, 44 (1) pp. 458-466
WALRAVEN, J.C. (1998) The development of self-compacting concrete in the Netherlands. International Workshop on Self-compacting Concrete. Kochi, Japan, pp. 87–96.
NIELSEN, C.V., and GLAVIND, M. (2007) Danish experience with a decade of green concrete. J. Adv. Concr. Technol. 5 (1), pp. 3–12.
MOHAMED, A.M.O. and EL GAMAL, M.M. (2010) Sulfur concrete for the construction industry, a sustainable development approach. J. Ross Publishing
VLAHOVIĆ, M. et al. (2011) Durability of sulfur concrete in various aggressive environments. Constr. Build. Mat. 25 (10), pp. 3926–3934.
VLAHOVIĆ, M. et al. (2013) Quantitative evaluation of sulfur-polymer matrix composite quality. Compos. Part B: eng. 44 (1), pp. 458–466.
ECKERT, B. (2003) Molecular Spectra of Sulfur Molecules and Solid Sulfur Allotropes, pp. 31–98. In: Steudel, Ralf. (Ed.) Elemental Sulfur and Sulfur-Rich Compounds II, Springer
ACI (1998), "Guide for mixing and placing sulfur in construction", Report 548.2R-93 American concrete Institute
ACI MCP604 (2004) Manual of Concrete Practice Part 6, American Concrete Institute
BLIGHT, L. et al. (1978) Preparation and properties of modified sulfur systems, New Uses of Sulfur-II, Advances in Chemistry series, American Chemical Soc., pp.165
